查菲和史米斯也认为数字营销是应用数字技术，如电子邮件、数据库、博客的过程中，手机和其他最近的创新，如社会网络有助于营销活动的目标是实现利润的获得和保留客户通过实现数字技术的战略意义和计划策略，专注于他们的简介、行为提高客户知识的发展，是什么让他们忠诚而提出的在线服务来满足他们的个人需求对应。
Chaffey and Smith also articulated that digital marketing is the process of applying digital technologies like emails, databases, blogs, mobiles and other recent innovations such as social networks to contribute to marketing activities whose goal is to achieve profitable gains and retention of customers through realizing the strategic significance of digital technologies and developing a planned tactic to enhance customer knowledge by concentrating on their profiles, behavior, and what makes them loyal and then presenting online services that correspond with their individual needs.
Advantages of technology
Marketing has developed tremendously with the evolution of technology. The internet, which is continuing to grow rapidly, is one of the most important technologies that have affected marketing. It has destroyed all boundaries such as time and distance. Manufacturers can now connect with customers without any constraints. It also gave an opportunity for small regional companies to access bigger markets and compete internationally. The internet exposes customers to these various markets, which gives them the chance to choose from a wider range of products so they would find exactly what they are looking for. Another positive impact of technology on marketing is that it allows companies to store information about each customer in order to understand them more thoroughly using past behavioural data. Getting feedback from customers has an important role in marketing. Knowing the weaknesses and strengths of their product would be extremely useful if they received feedback from customers instantly. If there were any deficiencies or traits in the product which customers were complaining about, the manufacturers could find solutions or enhance their product as soon as possible so it doesn't result in a loss in sales. On the other hand receiving positive feedback and knowing the strengths of their product lets them know what to focus on in manufacturing the next product or what to focus on in advertising for this product.
Disadvantages of technology
As well as the many advantages of technology, we cannot ignore the disadvantages that affect marketing. Most people have privacy concerns when it comes to using the internet. From the company's point of view, it may fear that their database of clients and suppliers or other important data such as unreleased financial information would be hacked and stolen by competitors. From the customer's point of view, the fact that the company can save and utilize large amounts of diverse information about their activities and interests using cookies can be unpleasant. People have been debating whether this act is ethical or not for years. Some say it is an invasion of the customer's privacy because the company would track every move they make on their website. Others say that it is actually ethical because the information collected wouldn't be shared with a third party and it will only be used to enhance the buying experience for the consumer.
Godin (2009) suggested the idea of the "purple cow" which is mainly about being remarkable in order to be remembered and therefore succeed. According to him, remarkable marketing is the art of creating things worth noticing instead of using marketing as an add-on in the last minute and that is because if the product or service you're offering is not remarkable then it is invisible. He also clarified that it is safer to be risky and that you must fortify your desire to do amazing things. It becomes very crucial to create remarkable things which are worth talking about once you realized that the traditional ways have faded.
The history of marketing
As mentioned above, marketing has been changing continuously over the past decades. The development of new technologies and the advances of marketing theories have led us to where we are right now. Harris and Cohen (2003) suggested that there are three eras other than the era which we live in which is the digital age. The first era is the production era which ended in the 1930s. During this period companies concentrated on production based on the availability of raw materials and mechanical power needed in the manufacturing process. The second era existed between the 1930s and the 1950s and was called the sales era. Customers' needs and wants became primary during this era; marketers began to recognize the customer and his needs as an important factor in the business equation, therefore efforts were focused on consumer advertising. The third era, the marketing era, was between the 1950s and the 1960s. Throughout this period marketing expanded and the concentration moved from only focusing on the consumers themselves to focusing on competition, research, planning and control, and advertising.
Godin (2009) made comparisons of marketing throughout the years. He mentioned that before advertising people depended on word of mouth in buying products. Products and services that were talked about were eventually purchased. A shop's reputation was their only form of marketing back then. After that came televisions, radios, and newspapers. People believed that advertising to consumers directly would lead to an increase in sales. Nowadays we're almost back where we started. The difference is that instead of using word of mouth, marketers tend to use social networks which is basically similar to word of mouth but much faster and reaches a larger number of customers.
Marketing and Neuromarketing
For decades, most marketing theories searched ways to convince consumers buy products. This particular task is becoming more difficult in modern societies; consumers are becoming wiser in their preferences and selection especially when the markets itself offer them with wide range of options. In the contrary, Saren (2011) believes that People put their creative energies into consumption. They regularly purchase products based on their mood or feelings rather than making sure they buy the product with the best quality at the lowest price.
One of the contemporary ideas in marketing is neuromarketing. This concept originated from advancement of neurosciences research. Developments in neuroscience over the past two decades have transformed our understanding of the brain and how it works. Therefore marketers and researchers have started to think about how it could be used in order to improve their researches in brand marketing. Neuroscience techniques offer an objective view of what consumers actually think without resorting to an interviewer or a questionnaire that might lead to bias results (Page and Raymond 2007).
Most of what we know about how the brain works is based on the study of the brain functions, where neurological conditions are clear and closely monitored. Addie (2011) argues that it is necessary to have an accurate and inclusive understanding of the brain's function so that the results could be correctly interpreted and fully understood.
Findings from neurosciences and brain research enlightened marketing researchers to explore unique ways to enhance their understanding about the consumers and the term "neuromarketing" was introduced in marketing prestigious journals. We basically focused on how to use brain imaging to analyze the degree of positive emotions bred by the product experience. According to Zurawicki (2010, p. 211) there are approximately 90 private neuroscience labs contracting with businesses to perform applied studies on consumer behavior, attitudes and related issues.
Studying consumers describes how they understand, recall and feel about acquiring and using products and services. Zurawicki (2010) also suggested that enhanced knowledge of people's experience is crucial in order to comprehend how consumers decide to buy. Neuromarketing has addressed a diversified range of problems encountered in consumer behavior. This is due to constraints imposed by the available technology, the diverse complexity of the research task, and the difficulty in organizing different kinds of experiments.
The brains process most of their sensory input subconsciously. Most of the information taken by our senses comes through our eyes, as a quarter of the brain's volume is devoted to the visual image processing and integration. All the other senses contribute as well; the hearing sense enables the basic function of communication and allows us to interpret the speech. Taste and smell senses enable us to detect chemicals in the environment; they separate the healthy and useful substances from those which are undesirable or even toxic. Marketers can significantly improve a product's success in the marketplace by linking it with a pleasant, iconic smell. Combining senses generates a higher level of engagement with the consumer if you stimulate multiple senses that make sense together. (Pradeep 2010)
Assuming that you can access the subconscious mind or get true measures of emotion only by using biometric measures is false. Page and Raymond (2007) stated that many conclusions about the brain are obtained by relating stimuli which generate a known feeling such as excitement or anxiety with the brain activity. These feelings are clearly involved in a conscious experience rather than subconscious.
In order to understand how the brain works and how human beings can understand the connection between it and between feelings and emotions which affect the purchasing process, we need to carry out brain research methods. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important type which is a diagnostic tool for brain disorders. It can show the brain's activity in certain psychological states. Observation of the brain waves whose different amplitudes correspond with different mental states, such as wakefulness, relaxation, calmness, and light and deep sleep can tell a lot about the subject's mental state. (zurawicki 2010, pradeep 2010)
Zurawicki (2010) explained that measuring the brain activity happens by placing numerous electrodes in various locations on the scalp. Each electrode makes a recording of its own so we could draw a meaningful conclusion by comparing them with the baseline level. We can now study the brain activity through a naturalistic observation by using portable EEG devices which allow us to collect data anytime and anywhere.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures the increase in oxygen in the blood flow within the brain. It accurately indicates when activity in a particular area of the brain increases. When neurological activity increases, the oxygen in the brain increases in order to support this activity, and fMRI scans capture this increase. It takes up to 5 seconds for the added blood supply to reach the specific area of the brain, and that is considered a downside of the fMRI technology for marketing research purposes. Another shortcoming is that the equipment used is very expensive, so as hiring an expert who would skillfully use it and interpret the results. Using fMRI is impractical because only one person at a time could be tested, and he has to stay still for the entire session or else it can render test results useless. (zurawicki 2010, pradeep 2010)
In order to understand how our brains process and respond to the aspects of marketing, Pradeep (2010) clarified that we need metric tools to do so. The main NeuroMetrics measure attention, emotional engagement, and memory. Attention is an essential function of the brain. We never know when we are going to pay attention to something; therefore we often don't know what stimulates us to begin paying attention except by using a brain-based NeuroMetric. Just like attention, emotional engagement can fade over time. Although our conscious awareness of emotion feels consistent, at a subconscious level our brains are continuously renewing our emotional engagement with the surrounding world. Memory is one of the most thoroughly studied aspects of the brain in action. The mechanisms and frameworks by which the brain engages in both memory encoding and memory retrieval have been closely mapped and analyzed. These memory processes produce continuous and measurable brainwave patterns that show when memory processing is active.
According to Pradeep (2010) Initial and most significant and complex responses to stimuli are formed in the brain. To be more specific, elements that are essential to marketing success are formed in the subconscious level of the brain and remain there.
One of a marketer's jobs is to figure out what customers want and need to buy. Understanding the brain and applying neuro-based tools helps in improving products and creating more affective advertisements.
Maden (2010) stated that in neuromarketing, two methods are used in evaluating an individual's preference between products. These methods are brand familiarity and product preference.
Brand familiarity
Brand familiarity is the comparison between familiar and unfamiliar products. Consumers feel negative uncertainty towards unfamiliar brands when they first appear in advertisements. However, if the advertisement message is repeated at low levels, then it would decrease the uncertainty and increase the effectiveness. Advertisements should not be repeated too much though, as repeated exposures annoy the viewer and would lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the advertisement. If the product was already familiar, repeated exposure would allow the consumer to process the advertisement and their associated experiences from using the product. For unfamiliar brands, there would be less knowledge to process and this causes the consumer to get bored or even annoyed. New brands need to be conservative in their marketing efforts, they should make consumers recognize their brand but at the same time they should not exaggerate.
Product preference
Product preference is the comparison between two known products or brands. Preference for one product over the other is primarily due to personal experiences as well as the cultural background or that the preferred product shows more reinforcing qualities. As an example, McClure et al. (2004) carried out an experiment using neuromarketing techniques in order to figure out the preferences of consumers towards Pepsi or Coca-Cola. The sample of consumers was asked about their preference among these two options and most of them said that they preferred Coke. However, when they tasted both drinks without knowing which is which, the majority chose Pepsi.
Even though neuromarketing is mainly used in creating commercials, Dragolea and Cotîrlea (2011) believe that neuromarketing is not restricted on that; it could be used in packaging or even shelf display. Other than that, neuromarketing plays an important role in developing new products and rebranding.
Ethics
Despite the desirable applications of neuromarketing, there are many ethical and controversial issues regarding this new emerging concept. Fisher et al. (2010) feared that neuromarketing might threaten individual independence by effectively manipulating consumer behaviours. There were also concerns that advertisers would find a "buy button" in the brain that would control what the consumer buys. Another ethical issue raised by Lee et al. (2007) is that consumers may be harmed by constantly being exposed to a market with purchase addictions and overconsumption. Currently, the state of imaging technology does not give us accurate predictions of human decision making, therefore these worries are premature. Based on my personal opinion, I believe that neuromarketing should be considered as a complement to traditional marketing techniques rather than being the main focus of marketers and researchers and this is because of the huge consequences that would result. For example, only wealthy companies will be able to use neuromarketing because contracting with clinics that have experts who work on brain scanners is very expensive. If the results were accurate and they were actually able to benefit from it, then this means that they will manipulate consumers into buying their own products and forcing smaller businesses to go bankrupt and leave the market. This will have a huge effect on the economy, the rich will become richer and the poor will become poorer.